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Organised criminal groups use corruption and physical threat to enable their profit-making activities. Customs administrations are best placed to take internally orientated measures to prevent and…

Reward and sanction schemes for public officials should also consider non-material factors like moral and social influences, with organisational elements such as ethical leadership and participant…

Los grupos criminales organizados utilizan la corrupción y las amenazas a la integridad física contra funcionarios de aduanas para facilitar sus actividades.

Les groupes criminels organisés recourent à la corruption et aux menaces physiques pour faciliter la réalisation de leurs profits, les variables contextuelles influençant leur choix. Ces deux…

There is no “one size fits all” system that would cater to the existing range of multilaterals with differing institutional, strategic and operational realities. There are, however, key functions that…

Implementing AML/CFT measures in fragile states is complex due to heightened risks in large informal sectors, limited administrative capacity, resource competition, and political constraints.…

The IMF and World Bank provide financial assistance with conditions, including targeting illicit financial flows, though the effectiveness of such conditionalities remains uncertain.

Countries placed on the FATF grey list face economic and reputational repercussions and, although no official sanctions follow, the risk of potential blacklisting exists. However, grey listed…

Concerns arise in the literature about the transparency and actual influence of LMICs in FATF standard-setting process for AML/CFT, suggesting that the agenda might still be driven by higher-income…